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Motivation
Nowadays, electromobility is a big topic in China. Cities like Shanghai and Beijing thrive with electrical mopeds, so-called e-scooters. They offer cheap means of transportation if compared to cars and are more flexible. With a ban of conventional scooters, their numbers are rapidly growing.
As such e-scooters are quite cheap, the battery has become the most expensive component. By understanding and improving battery lifetime of Li-ion cells, the replacement cost can be reduced. By applying a lifetime minimizing operation and charging strategy, the battery can be operated under 'low-aging' conditions and lieftime can be increased.
Due to the high pricing pressure and its simple design, the e-scooter powertrain is comprised of cheap and standard components. An in-wheel motor is often incorporated with power electronics and a battery pack including a simple battery management system. Modeling approaches can be used to simulate the e-scooter's behavior.
Based on a e-scooter driving cycle, battery stress is estimated using a permanetmagnet synchronous machine. As electrical battery parameters vary over lifetime, an aging model is used to estimate aging effects like capacity losss or resistance increase. Afterwards, the model updates the electrical model parameters.